RADIATION AND OXIDATIVE STRESS
While some guys are playing with NUKES, 5G and UVA/UVB (in streetlights) let's look at the research papers on radiation poisoning and possible prevention/treatment.
Of course, this is a huge topic on which many scientific papers have been published. We will only point out a few of them to capture the idea
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128190920000248 Radiation and oxidative stress
Radiation is one of the important invisible causes of oxidative stress. There is a great deal of evidence in the literature concerning the deleterious effects of exposure of living organisms to radiation. The biologic effects of radiation can be categorized as either “stochastic,” that is random or unpredictable, or “deterministic” as the direct exposure to a dose of radiation will result in a pathological effect which may vary by magnitude of exposure. Due to the systemic effects of oxidative stress, which has been implicated in the pathogenesis of many illnesses, there has been a great interest in measuring oxidative stress parameters in medicine. This chapter focuses on the interrelationship of oxidative stress and radiation; biological, molecular, and cancerous effects of radiation; markers of oxidative stress; medical radiation sources; and radiation protection and dosimetry.
https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-1-61779-776-7_1 Electromagnetic Radiation and Oxidative Stress in the Male Germ Line
We suggest that oxidative stress may have a key role in the detrimental effects observed in the human spermatozoon and that this cell type may be a unique model to determine the potential mechanism of action given its sensitivities to such stressors.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8341408/ Healthcare Workers Exposure to Ionizing Radiation: Oxidative Stress and Antioxidant Response
Ionizing radiation is well known to cause oxidative stress which is responsible for various health hazards.
Objectives:
To assess oxidative stress by measuring the level of lipid peroxidation, antioxidants, and measure complete blood count (CBC) among healthcare workers exposed to ionizing radiation.
Conclusion:
Ionizing radiation exposure induce oxidative stress which has an important role in radiation-related health effects. Anemia was the most common hematological health hazards among the exposed group.
Btw., Maria Curie, whose efforts led to the discovery of polonium and radium and development of X-rays, died of aplastic anemia, a rare blood disorder where the bone marrow of the body no longer produces healthy red blood cells likely caused by exposure to radiation.
https://www.hindawi.com/journals/omcl/2019/3010342/
In regard to the damage caused by RT, treatment strategies are still lacking. Here, we review the role of oxidative stress and epigenetic mechanisms in radiation damage to explore possible therapeutic strategies for RINTD.
2. Oxidative Stress
Oxidative stress is involved in the development of many diseases including radiation-induced normal tissue damage (RINTD). The redox system plays an important role in the early and late effects of RINTD. When cells are exposed to radiation, they immediately form free radicals with a half-life of nanoseconds. The redox system begins producing free radicals a few hours after exposure, with the potential to last for years. The free radicals produced by ionizing radiation can upregulate several enzymes, including nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH oxidase), lipoxygenases (LOXs), nitric oxide synthase (NOS), and cyclooxygenases (COXs). Their effects on mitochondrial function are distinct. These enzymes are expressed in specific ways in various cells, tissues, and organs.
Some radioprotectors and antioxidants such as melatonin, metformin, and selenium have been shown to reduce the expression of these genes following exposure to ionizing radiation, relieving the heart damage and lung damage caused by radiation
Radiation-induced lung damage includes chronic fibrosis and acute pneumonia.
Radiation-induced spleen damage has also been reported in recent years. Ghosh et al. reported that whole-body radiation exposure resulted in higher expression of miRNAs in the spleen tissue on day 4 and on day 250. In addition, the vitamin E analog gamma-tocotrienol can modulate radiation-induced miRNA expression in the mouse spleen, preventing radiation damage to the spleen.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3980444/ Ionizing radiation-induced metabolic oxidative stress and prolonged cell injury
Cellular exposure to ionizing radiation leads to oxidizing events that alter atomic structure through direct interactions of radiation with target macromolecules or via products of water radiolysis. Further, the oxidative damage may spread from the targeted to neighboring, non-targeted bystander cells through redox-modulated intercellular communication mechanisms. To cope with the induced stress and the changes in the redox environment, organisms elicit transient responses at the molecular, cellular and tissue levels to counteract toxic effects of radiation. Metabolic pathways are induced during and shortly after the exposure. Depending on radiation dose, dose-rate and quality, these protective mechanisms may or may not be sufficient to cope with the stress.
Modulation of antioxidants
Central to antioxidant defense are superoxide dismutases (SOD), glutathione, glutathione peroxidases, catalase as well as nutrient-derived antioxidant compounds such as vitamin E and selenium. The use of antioxidants in the treatment of radiation injury and other diseases associated with oxidative stress (e.g. Crohn's disease, rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis) continues to be advocated. For example, SOD has been shown to protect other enzymes, mitochondria, membranes, microsomes, DNA and normal mammalian cells; its anti-inflammatory properties were discovered well before the protein was identified as an enzyme. Indeed, the protective effects of antioxidants support the role of ROS in the progression of diseases. However, the dose, timing and mode of delivery of antioxidants should be carefully evaluated. For example, the superoxide radical serve as both an initiator and a terminator of the free radical-mediated chain reaction that results in lipid peroxidation. Thus, depending on dose, in some circumstances SOD may not alleviate radiation injury; in contrast, it may exacerbate the toxic effects.
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2800038/ ANTIOXIDANTS REDUCE CONSEQUENCES OF RADIATION EXPOSURE
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15514309/ Antioxidants and radiation therapy (https://academic.oup.com/jn/article/134/11/3207S/4688649?login=false)
Antioxidants do protect against radiation-induced oncogenic transformation in experimental systems
https://journals.ekb.eg/article_67678.html Protective Role of Royal Jelly Against Gamma Radiation Induced Oxidative Stress, Cardio-Toxicity and Organ Dysfunctions in Male Rats
Abstract
Background: Oxidative stress is known to be a key factor in several diseases and was reported as a result of radiation exposure in human and experimental animals.
Conclusion:
Royal jelly has a beneficial role in reducing oxidative stress and cardio-toxicity induced by radiation exposure.
Evaluation of Radio-Protective Effects of N-Acetylcysteine on Radiation-Induced Lethality in Mice
This study aimed to evaluate the radio-protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against radiation-induced mortality in male mice.
Conclusion
Results revealed lack of effectiveness of treatment with NAC after lethal dose.
These results suggested that application of NAC for mice before irradiation protected them from the lethal effects of whole-body irradiation. (!!!)
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18028880/ Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against radiation induced DNA damage and hepatic toxicity in rats
Pretreatment with NAC showed a significant decrease in the levels of MDA, NO(x) and DNA damage. The antioxidant enzymes increased significantly along with the levels of GSH. Moreover, histopathological examination of liver tissues confirmed the biochemical data. Thus, our results show that pretreatment with N-acetylcysteine offers protection against gamma-radiation induced cellular damage.
http://nopr.niscpr.res.in/bitstream/123456789/17247/1/IJEB%2040%282%29%20181-186.pdf Protective effect of N-acetylcysteine against gamma ray induced damages in rats--biochemical evaluations
Intragastric pretreatment of NAC (1g/kg body weight in saline for 7 days) prevented the radiation induced damage to an appreciable extent. From the results it may be concluded that NAC is effective in protecting from the damages caused by gamma-ray radiations and its prospects as an adjuvant to radiotherapy should be considered.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28607932/ The Protective Effect of N-Acetylcysteine on Ionizing Radiation Induced Ovarian Failure and Loss of Ovarian Reserve in Female Mouse
We found that NAC successfully restored the ovarian and uterine function, enhanced the embryo implantation, improved the follicle development, and altered the abnormal hormone levels through reducing the oxidative stress and apoptosis level in granulosa cells while promoting the proliferation of granulosa cells. In conclusion, the radioprotective effect of NAC on mice ovary from X-irradiation was assessed, and our results suggested that NAC can be a potential radioprotector which is capable of preventing the ovarian failure occurrence and restoring the ovarian reserve.
https://europepmc.org/article/MED/32599978 Protective Effects of N-Acetylcysteine against Radiation-Induced Oral Mucositis In Vitro and In Vivo.
1. Pre-treatment with NAC protects irradiated HaCaT cells against DNA damage
2. NAC inhibits radiation-induced intracellular ROS production via regulation of NRF2 expression in HaCaT cells
3. NAC inhibits radiation-induced autophagy in HaCaT cells
4. NAC protected against radiation-induced histopathological changes in injured rat buccal mucosa
5. NAC prevents radiation-induced autophagy and NRF2 expression in rat buccal mucosa
Conclusion
NAC treatment significantly inhibited radiation-induced autophagy in keratinocytes and rat buccal mucosa and may be a potentially safe and effective option for the prevention of radiation-induced buccal mucosa damage.
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31392607/ The radioprotective effect of N-acetylcysteine against x-radiation-induced renal injury in rats
NAC reduced the levels of TNS, MDA, and caspase-3 expression, but increased the levels of renal tissue GSH. ROS-scavenging antioxidants may represent a promising means of preventing renal injury in patients undergoing radiotherapy.
https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2007/11/071105083735.htm Antioxidants Could Provide All-purpose Radiation Protection
Hello again. It would be helpful if you could put a divider between each study. It's not very clear where one study ends and another begins. When editing an article the divider is on the far right of the edit icons, on the More menu. Thanks!
Good report. The main problem is uncertainty of what the thresholds are for how much damage is irreversible, so the effects can't be corrected by innate repair mechanisms or supplements. Low levels can apparently be absorbed with little or no permanent effects. Higher exposures can cause cell damage and malfunctions we can't easily correct, inducing the listed ailments and probably others. The same corrupt medical industrial complex that has poisoned much of the population with the criminal vax, and prohibited treatments, is also suppressing the risks and the treatment of the prolific radiation sources. Those who are worried about 5g should have been just as worried about 4g and all the others, and the constant bombardment from wifi, ear buds, power lines, satellites, even home electrical systems and devices.
A first step in understanding our risks is to begin measuring emissions in our environments. I've been studying this recently, and have written a couple of articles (so far) on my progress on my stack. Like the poison vax, well need a lot more people getting injured, and a lot more knowledgeable people to sound the alarms. Until then, we can expect a progression of changes in humanity.